This workshop focused on the role of the Central Vein Sign (CVS) as a diagnostic imaging biomarker for Multiple Sclerosis. It provided a comprehensive update on the scientific and technical advances that had occurred since the first NAIMS workshop on CVS in 2016. Given the 2024 revisions of the McDonald Criteria, the workshop also emphasized the clinical implementation of CVS for diagnosing MS.

Various stakeholders, including neurologists, neuroradiologists, MRI physicists, MRI vendors, and third-party imaging companies, reviewed state-of-the-art developments for incorporating CVS into the diagnostic workflow. An in-depth review of recommended MRI acquisition protocols, image interpretation workflows, and diagnostic scenarios was provided based on the recently published CMSC-NAIMS-MAGNIMS guidelines.

Finally, unmet clinical needs and technical and knowledge gaps were identified to help guide future technical advances and clinical research in CVS imaging.